Table of Contents
Assignment: Conducting A Z Test
Assignment: Conducting A Z Test
Permalink:
Castel, A. D., Benjamin, A. S., Craik, F. I. M., & Watkins, M. J. (2002). The effects of aging on selectivity and control in short-term recall. Memory & Cognition, 30, 1078–1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/ BF03194325.
Castel, A. D., Lee, S. S., Humphreys, K. L., & Moore, A. N. (2011). Memory capacity, selective control, and value-directed remembering in children with and without attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychology, 25, 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0020298.
Castel, A. D., Murayama, K., Friedman, M. C., McGillivray, S., & Link, I. (2013). Selecting valuable information to remember: Age-related differences and similarities in self- regulated learning. Psychology and Aging, 28, 232–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030678.
Dudukovic, N. M., & Knowlton, B. J. (2006). Remember-know judgments and retrieval of contextual details. Acta Psychologica, 122, 160–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.11.002.
Dunn, J. C. (2004). Remember-Know: A matter of confidence. Psychological Review, 111, 524–542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033- 295X.111.2.524.
Eldridge, L. L., Knowlton, B. J., Furmanski, C. S., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Engel, S. A. (2000). Remembering episodes: A selective role for the
hippocampus during retrieval. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1149–1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/80671.
Fawcett, J. M., Lawrence, M. A., & Taylor, T. L. (2016). The representational consequences of intentional forgetting: Impairments to both the probability and fidelity of long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(1), 56–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ xge0000128.
Gardiner, J. M., Gawlik, B., & Richardson-Klavehn, A. (1994). Maintenance rehearsal affects knowing, not remembering; elaborative rehearsal affects remembering, not knowing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 107–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03200764.
What is a Z-Test?
A z-test is a statistical test used to determine whether two population means are different when the variances are known and the sample size is large. The test statistic is assumed to have a , and nuisance parameters such as should be known in order for an accurate z-test to be performed.
Understanding Z-Test
A one-sample location test, two-sample location test, paired difference test and maximum likelihood estimate are examples of tests that can be conducted as z-tests. Z-tests are closely related to , but t-tests are best performed when an experiment has a small sample size. Also, t-tests assume the standard deviation is unknown, while z-tests assume it is known. If the standard deviation of the population is unknown, the assumption of the sample equaling the population variance is made.
Hypothesis Test
The z-test is also a hypothesis test in which the z-statistic follows a normal distribution. The z-test is best used for greater than 30 samples because, under the , as the number of samples gets larger, the samples are considered to be approximately normally distributed. When conducting a z-test, the null and alternative hypotheses, alpha and should be stated. Next, the test statistic should be calculated, and the results and conclusion stated.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
- A Z-test is a statistical test to determine whether two population means are different when the variances are known and the sample size is large.
- It can used to test hypotheses in which the z-test follows a normal distribution.
One-Sample Z-Test Example
For example, assume an investor wishes to test whether the average daily return of a stock is greater than 1%. A simple random sample of 50 returns is calculated and has an average of 2%. Assume the standard deviation of the returns is 2.50%. Therefore, the is when the average, or mean, is equal to 3%.
Conversely, the alternative hypothesis is whether the mean return is greater than 3%. Assume an alpha of 0.05% is selected with a . Consequently, there is 0.025% of the samples in each tail, and the alpha has a critical value of 1.96 or -1.96. If the value of z is greater than 1.96 or less than -1.96, the null hypothesis is rejected.
The value for z is calculated by subtracting the value of the average daily return selected for the test, or 1% in this case, from the observed average of the samples. Next, divide the resulting value by the standard deviation divided by the square root of the number of observed values. Therefore, the test statistic is calculated to be 2.83, or (0.02 – 0.01) / (0.025 / (50)^(1/2)). The investor rejects the null hypothesis since z is greater than 1.96, and concludes that the average daily return is greater than 1%.
