Economics

Please analyze and contrast the Introduction and Literature Review of the articles below. All Articles can be found in EBSCO. ·         Briggeman, J. (2013). Paul Krugman. Econ Journal Watch, 10(3), 400–410. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=94876820&site=ehost-live&authtype=uid&user=grantham&password=Research1951! ·         What’s Wrong with Economics: A Discussion Between Paul Krugman and Jeff Madrick. (2015). Challenge (05775132), 58(2), 112–134. ·         Cochrane, J. H. (2011). How Did Paul Krugman Get It so Wrong? Economic Affairs, 31(2), 36–40.  You are expected to critically evaluate the three articles provided, identify themes and gaps, then synthesize what you have learned, keeping in mind Krugman’s economic impact. The paper should be a minimum of 1500 words in APA format.

Part 1: Good Will in Price Bidding Sometimes, a bidder on a work contract may bid lower than what would maximize his/her profit from the contract and the reason for that is to create goodwill (to increase expected future business from the buyer). How would you value the goodwill that is obtained in this way? Guided Response: Think about an example that pertains to you. If there is expected goodwill would you be prepared to bid lower to get a contract? Explain your reasons. In 300 words or more, please, provide your response to the above discussion question. Respond substantively to at least two of your classmates’ postings. Substantive responses use theory, research, and experience or examples to support ideas and further the class knowledge on the discussion topic. Part 2: New Production Introduction Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Germany owns Alka-Seltzer, which was launched in 1931 and was meant for relief of minor aches, pains, inflammation, fever, headache, heartburn, sour stomach, indigestion, and hangovers. Alka-Seltzer Plus was a spin-off of the original medicine, meant to relieve colds and flu. The company has recently introduced a new and improved Alka-Seltzer Plus, as described in this TV ad (Links to an external site.). The ad shows that Alka-Seltzer Plus can fight congestion, unlike NyQuil. Explain how Alka-Seltzer Plus has been quality and price-positioned in an existing market. In your opinion, has Bayer positioned their product appropriately in the market for cold and flu symptoms relief products? Would you advise Bayer to use a skimming or a penetration pricing strategy? Explain your reasoning. How do you think Proctor and Gamble, the company who produces Vicks NyQuil, would respond to the ad? Guided Response: In 300 words or more, please, provide your response to the above discussion question. If Bayer is currently making normal profits on most of the products in its product line, but is making pure profits on its new Alka-Seltzer Plus with decongestant, what should Bayer do to increase its profits? Respond substantively to at least two of your classmates’ postings. Substantive responses use theory, research, and experience or examples to support ideas and further the class knowledge on the discussion topic.

1. What is the difference between foreign direct investment and portfolio investment? (13 points)2. What is the purchasing power parity exchange rate? (13 points)3. If a country’s currency is expected to appreciate in value, what is the impact of expected exchange rates on the interest rate paid on government bonds? (12 points)4. Would each of the following groups be happy or unhappy if the U.S. dollar appreciated? Explain.A. Dutch pension funds holding U.S. government bonds (2 points)B. U.S. manufacturing industries (2 points)C. Australian tourists planning a trip to the United States (2 points)D. An American firm trying to purchase property overseas (2 points)5. In 2010, a British pound cost $1.56 in U.S. dollars. In 2020, a British pound costs $1.66 in U.S. dollars.A. In 2010 was the pound weaker or stronger than the U.S. dollar? (2 points)B. Between 2010 and 2020, did the U.S. dollar appreciate or depreciate versus the pound?(2 points)C. Calculate the cost of a U.S. dollar in terms of British pounds in 2020. (2 points)6. Define the concepts of budget deficit and national debt, and explain how they differ from one another. (12 points)7. The economist Arthur Laffer pointed out that, in some cases, income tax revenue can actually go up when tax rates go down. Explain how this could be true. (12 points)8. Is it possible for a nation to run budget deficits and still have its debt/GDP ratio fall? Is it possible for a nation to run budget surpluses and still have its debt/GDP ratio fall? Explain. (12 points)9. Specify whether expansionary or contractionary fiscal policy would seem to be most appropriate in response to each of the situations below.A. A recession (2 points)B. A stock market collapse that hurts consumers and business confidence (2 points)C. Extremely rapid growth of exports (2 points)D. Rising inflation (2 points)E. The economy is at its natural rate of unemployment/potential GDP/LRAS. The government decides to enact a massive increase of expenditure. (2 points)F. A rise in oil prices (2 points) This work, “Written Assignment 4 Questions,” is a derivative of Principles of Macroeconomics 2e by Steven A. Greenlaw and David Shapiro, OpenStax, used under CC BY 4.0. “Written Assignment 4 Questions” is licensed under CC BY 4.0 by Thomas Edison State University.

Managerial Decision Making Research and Analysis Focus of the Final Paper: Research a specific company of your choice and identify some of the managerial decisions that were made over time and in response to changes in its market or competitive environment. Use the Ashford University Library and web-based sources for your research. At least three external scholarly sources must be used in addition to the textbook.  Address all of the following areas: Describe the company and provide a brief history of its operations. Find or use graphs to illustrate its financial performance over the years. Describe any sources of risk or uncertainty in its operations. Do the financial reports indicate risky or uncertain activities or changes to the economic environment that ultimately appear to have affected the company’s financial outcomes? Be specific. Are there any government regulations that have affected this company’s operations domestically or abroad? Explain. Describe the inputs that are used in this company’s production function and identify any challenges to securing these inputs. Determine if the company has introduced new products in existing markets or created new markets over time. What is the impact on its finances? Determine if the price of its products increased or declined over time and analyze the reasons for price fluctuations. Study the demand elasticity for its products and discuss the availability of close substitutes for its products. How does that affect pricing decisions? Analyze the company’s profitability. Identify the economy or industry influences on its costs, operations, and profitability. Describe the competitive environment in which the firm operates, the distribution of market power, and the strategic behavior of the firm and its competitors. Apply your knowledge of the theory of this company’s market structure. How does the company make pricing and production decisions? Is your observation supported by the theoretical models? Refer to the financial reports for illustration.  Describe any non-price competitive strategies that the company might be engaging in. Provide specific examples. Evaluate if the company made any mistakes in its decisions over time, and recommend any changes or improvements for future operations. Refer to the financial reports when making specific observations or recommendations.. Use economic language and demonstrate your understanding of the concepts and theories of this course.

Part 1: Strategic Behavior Oligopolies An interesting example of strategic behavior comes from a 1997 article about Microsoft’s investment in Apple (New Straits Times, 1997). The article is included in the Required Readings list. Facing tough anti-trust scrutiny from government agencies, Microsoft provided financial support to Apple in order to ensure Apple’s survival and, therefore, to ensure that competitiveness in the industry remains. Moreover, the partnership with Apple provided an additional market for Microsoft’s products – the MS Office and the IE products were to be bundled with the MAC OS as one of the conditions for this financing. Discuss this case in the context of market structure and strategic behavior. What market structure do these firms operate in? Why did Microsoft need to preserve competitiveness in the industry? What was Microsoft afraid of in the event that Apple did not survive? Guided Response: In 300 words or more, please, provide your response to the above discussion question. Further, do you think Microsoft regrets taking action in light of Apple’s performance today? Respond substantively to at least two of your classmates’ postings. Substantive responses use theory, research, and experience or examples to support ideas and further the class knowledge on the discussion topic. Part 2: Local Market Power Bulls Eye department store specializes in the sales of discounted clothing, shoes, household items, etc. similar to the offerings at a regular Walmart or Target. Bulls Eye is the only department store in Show Low and the nearest other discount retailer is Target, located 49 miles away in Eagar. Bulls Eye, therefore, has some market power in its local area. Despite having some market power, Bulls Eye is currently suffering losses. An analyst at Bulls Eye is recommending to the manager to raise prices, so that profitability can be improved. The manager is unsure of this strategy as recent data points to increasing numbers of individuals shopping more and more. What are the pros and cons of raising the prices at Bulls Eye and would that strategy be profitable? Guided Response: Consider demand elasticity and market structure in your response. How is increasing of the price going to impact the company’s revenues given its demand elasticity? In 300 words or more, please, provide your response to the above discussion questions.

In the module you watched a video of Stiglitz critique GDP as a measure of well-being and you learned that Sen also rejects that as a measure of development.  For another critique of GDP you may want to read this article from The Economist .   For a defense of the use of GDP you may want to look at this post by Nicholas Oulton titled Hooray for GDP?  GDP as a measure of wellbeing  (Links to an external site.) ?https://voxeu.org/article/defence-gdp-measure-wellbeing?.    In this discussion I want you to make an argument why we should continue to use GDP or why we should replace this measure with another.  You will need to think of the purpose of its use and how that interacts with your argument.  For example, you may argue that it is a very good measure to use for one purpose, but for a different purpose we need a different measure.   If you argue that we should replace it, you need to identify another measure that, while not perfect, would be better.   Be sure to make an original argument (to this forum), and comment on at least two of your classmate’s postings.  Good comments will critique, extend, or clarify your classmate’s postings.     Grading Information Your work will be graded based on how well the following criteria are addressed: Development of Ideas Evidence of Critical Thinking Responses to Other Students and Instructor

Do you believe that on September 1, 2025, the REAL rate of return for US government bonds will be positive, negative, or about zero. Provide at least two articles to support your opinion. (Note: Just listing the website, source, and date cited is sufficient. Example of how an article citation is CNN article https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/19/weather/hurricane-genevieve-forecast-wednesday/index.html, cited August 19, 2020.) Remember that you should aim for about 200 words, and that no more than 300 words will be accepted.

Prompt: According to inflation calculators, $30,000 in 1950 would be equivalent to $322,532.37 today. So here’s the question. Would you rather live on a   fixed income of $30,000 today, or in 1950?  In your response, please consider multiple factors in making this decision, and be as detailed as possible in the reasoning behind your choice. Your mind will come to some immediate pros and cons, but as you further consider this choice, you will hopefully dig deeper into what it would really mean to transport yourself to 1950.

Review the section of your text that covers market failure and government failure. In addition, find and read two recent articles on this topic. Write a 500-750 word (approximately 2 to 3 page) paper that addresses these questions: What are some examples of market failure and government failure? What challenges do economies face in light of optimal allocation and public goods?

For this project, you will bring all of it together by researching, writing, and presenting the answers to the following questions: 1. Choose one region and provide an overview; the regions are: a) BRIC countries or b) European Union or c) United States Your overview should include information about economic reforms from a historical perspective.  You will also provide recent data (no older than 2015) of economic growth rates.  Minimum word count: 400 2. What was the effect of the 2007/2008 fiscal crisis on your chosen region (BRIC, EU, US)?  Minimum word count: 400 3. Choose one country/state within your chosen region (BRIC, EU, US) and describe in detail its comparative advantage of one resource or product.  Include the following: a) Impact on wages and jobs b) Regional issues and impact of such issues c) Internal economies of scale d) External economies of scale e) Policy Minimum word count: 500 4. Predict what you think will happen with your chosen region (BRIC, EU, US) between now and 2030.  Provide concrete examples of how you think the economy will develop.  Use existing research to back up your predictions.  Minimum word count: 600 The paper should contain a cover page, a table of contents, and a reference page. The paper should include sub headings and a conclusion. The page count does not include the cover page, the table of contents, the reference page, and any charts. Please follow APA guidelines!