Biology

Randall, L. (2018). What is Dark Matter? Retrieved from             This is the reference that I need the article written from

Choose one specific location on the body (e.g., hand, thigh, abdomen, etc.) and respond to the following in a post of at least 300 words: Describe the structure of each layer of skin at your chosen location and how it is related to its specific function at that location. Describe how the structure of skin appendages present at your chosen location is adapted for its given function. What joints are present in your chosen location? Describe the structure of the joint(s) and associated bones and other structures. What function does this joint perform?

Please provide a synopsis of the attached Fed Chairman’s January 30th 2019  September 18th 2019 January 29th 2020 Sept 19 2020  Please provide an overall summary of the Federal Reserve’s Chair Press Conferences Include in your analysis “The COVID-19 pandemic is causing tremendous human and economic hardship across the United States and around the world. Economic activity and employment have picked up in recent months but remain well below their levels at the beginning of the year. Weaker demand and significantly lower oil prices are holding down consumer price inflation. Overall financial conditions have improved in recent months, in part reflecting policy measures to support the economy and the flow of credit to U.S. households and businesses. ” & also “My colleagues and I have one overarching goal: to sustain the economic expansion, with a strong job market and stable prices, for the benefit of the American people. ”  How is this central objective achieved.  What was the FOMC’s decision in each case.  What is the state of employment and inflation in the US economy.  What was the FOMC’s most recent decision. How similar and how different was the press conference of the Fed chairperson after the meeting? Elaborate on at least four subject matters that he presented. Elaborate on at least three pertinent questions that the press asked. Elaborate on the FOMC’s role in setting and implementing monetary policy. Explain the mechanism of a rate cut by the FOMC and its impact, if any, in the US economy. How is the federal reserve trying to effect the financial markets and the economy as a whole? What was its policy prior and what is it after the 2020 pandemic? FOMCpresconf20190130 FED.pdf   https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomcpresconf20190619.htm https://www.federalreserve.gov/mediacenter/files/FOMCpresconf20190918.pdf https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20190918a.htm Quality of Assignment Content — Levels of Achievement: Quality of assignment content  Unacceptable  0 (0.00%) points Submission does not display an understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Minimal 0.42 (42.00%) points Submission demonstrates a minimal understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Competent 0.49 (49.00%) points Submission demonstrates some understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Effective 0.595 (59.50%) points Submission demonstrates a general understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Master 0.7 (70.00%) points Submission demonstrates a full understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Mechanics and Readability of Assignment — Levels of Achievement: Mechanics and Readability of assignment Unacceptable  0 (0.00%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in all literacy standards. Assignment is not understandable to the reader. Frequent errors in spelling and capitalization: profound and/or inaccurate punctuation which render the submission unreadable. Minimal 0.09 (9.00%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in most literacy standards. Assignment is unclear and not understandable to the reader. Contains many and serious intrusive errors of punctuation, spelling, and/or capitalization which partially inhibit readability. Competent 0.105 (10.50%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in some areas of literacy standards. Assignment is partially clear and understandable to the reader. Contains several punctuation, spelling, and/or capitalization errors, but does not inhibit readability. Effective 0.1275 (12.75%) points Writing demonstrates mastery of most criteria for high academic literacy standards. Assignment is mostly clear and understandable to the reader. Contains only occasional punctuation, spelling, and /or capitalization errors. Master 0.15 (15.00%) points Writing demonstrates mastery of all criteria for high academic literacy standards. Assignment is clearly understandable to the reader. Free of punctuation, spelling, and capitalization errors. Structure and Organization/ Format/ Presentation of Assignment — Levels of Achievement: Structure And Organization/ format/ presentation of assignment Unacceptable  0 (0.00%) points Submission is not appropriate for assignment. Does not follow directions as indicated by instructor. References and citations are not included if requested. Thoughts are not expressed in a logical manner. Minimal 0.09 (9.00%) points Submission follows minimal directions and is missing many components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are not included and/or properly cited. Errors in format several interfere with meaning, formatting weak. Competent 0.105 (10.50%) points Submission does not follow all directions and is missing some components indicated in the instructions. If requested, some references are included and partially cited properly. Several errors in formatting, or format is inconsistent. Effective 0.1275 (12.75%) points Submission follows directions and includes most components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and mostly cited properly. Few formatting errors. Master 0.15 (15.00%) points Submission follows direction and includes all components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and properly cited. Appropriate format and presentation for assignment. Quality of Assignment Content — Levels of Achievement: Unacceptable 0 (0.00%) points Submission does not display an understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Minimal 0.42 (42.00%) points Submission demonstrates a minimal understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Competent 0.49 (49.00%) points Submission demonstrates some understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Effective 0.595 (59.50%) points Submission demonstrates a general understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Master 0.7 (70.00%) points Submission demonstrates a full understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Mechanics and Readability of Assignment — Levels of Achievement: Unacceptable 0 (0.00%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in all literacy standards. Assignment is not understandable to the reader. Frequent errors in spelling and capitalization: profound and/or inaccurate punctuation which render the submission unreadable. Minimal 0.09 (9.00%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in most literacy standards. Assignment is unclear and not understandable to the reader. Contains many and serious intrusive errors of punctuation, spelling, and/or capitalization which partially inhibit readability. Competent 0.105 (10.50%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in some areas of literacy standards. Assignment is partially clear and understandable to the reader. Contains several punctuation, spelling, and/or capitalization errors, but does not inhibit readability. Effective 0.1275 (12.75%) points Writing demonstrates mastery of most criteria for high academic literacy standards. Assignment is mostly clear and understandable to the reader. Contains only occasional punctuation, spelling, and /or capitalization errors. Master 0.15 (15.00%) points Writing demonstrates mastery of all criteria for high academic literacy standards. Assignment is clearly understandable to the reader. Free of punctuation, spelling, and capitalization errors. Structure and Organization/ Format/ Presentation of Assignment — Levels of Achievement: Unacceptable 0 (0.00%) points Submission is not appropriate for assignment. Does not follow directions as indicated by instructor. References and citations are not included if requested. Thoughts are not expressed in a logical manner. Minimal 0.09 (9.00%) points Submission follows minimal directions and is missing many components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are not included and/or properly cited. Errors in format several interfere with meaning, formatting weak. Competent 0.105 (10.50%) points Submission does not follow all directions and is missing some components indicated in the instructions. If requested, some references are included and partially cited properly. Several errors in formatting, or format is inconsistent. Effective 0.1275 (12.75%) points Submission follows directions and includes most components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and mostly cited properly. Few formatting errors. Master 0.15 (15.00%) points Submission follows direction and includes all components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and properly cited. Appropriate format and presentation for assignment.Levels of Achievement:

This week, much of your material focuses on cells and organelles, but part of your readings focuses on where the first living organisms came from. In this week’s discussion, we will be talking about hypotheses surrounding the origin of life on earth. Please read the folllowing: 7 Theories on the Origin of Life Choose one of the “theories” (they are actually hypotheses, not theories, but I didn’t write the article) from the slideshow above – all of them are mentioned at some point in From Soup to Cells. Please research that hypothesis using outside sources. In your initial response, please describe the hypothesis in your own words. What lines of evidence do scientists seem to think make the hypothesis seem possible? What are some of the weaknesses of the hypothesis? Be sure to include at least one outside source that you have found, as well as list of your sources in MLA formatting.  https://www.livescience.com/13363-7-theories-origin-life.html

The Dynamic Cell Eukaryotic cells are more structurally advanced than prokaryotic cells. In a 1-2 page Word document, describe the structure and function of each of the eukaryotic organelles. Distinguish between those that are and are not membranous. Explain the importance of membrane structure and function in the organization of living processes within cells.

Bio 1200: Anatomy and Physiology II Formal Writing Assignment Rationale Understanding the basic biology principles is key to being successful in anatomy and physiology or any related fields (nursing, pre-physical therapy, pre-physician, etc.). Students focus more on memorizing these basic principles and are often lost when the emphasis is made on understanding structure and function. Instead of memorizing, students form the connection early on to be successful in their respective allied health fields or explain complex terminology to non-science people. Listed below are the goals that are to be achieved in the completion of this assignment: • Students can relate Anatomy and Physiology topics to disorders/diseases they might encounter (news, family, or friends). • Introduce students to the research that drives the development of treatments for the disorders/diseases. • Provide the opportunity for the student to convey the information to someone who lacks a scientific background. Assignment Each student will pick one of 30 topics. If the topic reached capacity (four students per topic), please have three potential backup topics. Students will notice that most of the topics are multisystemic. Whether the topic covers one system or multiple systems, students are responsible for the following: • Look for a clinical case study (or clinical case reports) about the topic. The clinical case study must come from a reputable journal—the most common place to find case studies in the New England Journal of Medicine. The case study acts as the paper template, which means that the person described is the student’s patient. Students will explain how the disorder developed, symptoms, and treatments to the patient or friend/family member about what is happening. • Students will review background information (review and research articles) to understand the topic. • Based on the case study, students should be able to answer the following questions: a. What is the likely mechanism for the disorder? Or what caused the disorder? – As students evaluate the clinical case study, they will notice a few cut-n-dry (not textbook) cases. Students will explain why the disease manifested. This question allows students to analyze the physiological changes, which allows for the rationale for therapy and prognosis. For instance, the cause of pernicious anemia is the inability to absorb vitamin B-12. Instead of memorizing this fact, students should think that the destruction of the parietal cells by immune cells results in decreased intrinsic factor production. Thus, the lack of intrinsic factor will cause a decrease in vitamin B-12 absorption. Clinical case studies will report autoimmune gastritis or a gastric disease that will affect parietal cell development. b. What is the likely cellular response to a certain change in the environment? – The environment is a loose term. Macroscopic and microscopic responses are essential in understanding how the individual cell or organ adapts to stressors (chemical, trauma, genetic, etc.). For instance, erythrocyte (red blood cell) production is due to the hormone erythropoietin. Erythropoietin is produced mainly by the kidney, but the liver and spleen produce some erythropoietin. The oxygen levels in the body regulate erythropoietin levels. When oxygen levels fall, erythropoietin level Bio 1200: Anatomy and Physiology II Formal Writing Assignment increases, thus causing an increase in red blood cell production. While, if oxygen levels increase, erythropoietin levels will decrease. For a student with the topic of sickle cell anemia use a case study that mentioned kidney disease, the student is then tasked with explaining why a decrease in kidney function would exacerbate (worsen) sickle cell anemia symptoms. c. With references to cellular and biochemical processes, explain the clinical symptoms expected? – Most good clinical cases will mention a cellular and biochemical process. Understanding the underlying processes allows students to explore the relationships between microscopic physiology and clinical symptoms and signs. For example, a patient experiencing signs of pernicious or sickle cell anemia can experience weight loss, jaundice, numbness, and tingling of the hands, to name a few symptoms. Students have the opportunity to explain the relationship between how the disease was detected from subclinical symptoms (symptoms that might have arisen before) and clinical symptoms that lead to the diagnosis. d. What is the likely disease process based on the graphs and charts presented in either the clinical article or a research article? – Good clinical cases present a chart of the lab data, histological views, ultrasound figures, etc. Interpretation of data is critical in understanding the correlation between the graphic/chart data and the physiological process. For instance, a hematocrit is a tool used to measure the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. The normal reference range for an adult male hematocrit is between 41.9 – 53.0%. A 62-year-old male has a hematocrit of 18.7%; then, we know there is an issue with his red blood cell production. This will also cause symptoms to manifest that relate to anemia. e. What is the likely mechanism being affected by medication or treatments? – Understanding the cellular and biochemical response is not only crucial for studying the mechanism behind the disease, but it is also crucial in understanding the course of treatment. For instance, someone with sickle cell anemia that is suffering from kidney disease might be treated with dialysis, placed on an organ transplant list, and give synthetic erythropoietin. Understanding the reasoning for the treatment is essential for a patient’s survival and quality of life. Guidelines This formal writing assignment is an expository essay, which is not the same as a paper about a disorder. An expository essay is a verbal explanation of a concept to an individual. In this case, students are the doctor/nurse practitioner/physician assistant who has to explain the disorder (concept) to the clinical case patient or friend/family of the person in the clinical case(individual). The audience that students are writing for is someone who lacks a scientific background. Ensure that students give a thorough, comprehensive, and clear explanation when addressing questions. The paper should reflect the effort students placed in completing the assignment and summarization of complex concepts. Spelling, grammar, and quality of reference (i.e., clinical case and supporting documents) are incorporated into the project grade. Students’ paper’s text portion must be 5 – 8 typewritten pages in length, using 12-point font, preferably Time New Roman, Arial or Calibri, and double spaced. Students’ references must follow a consistent format and not count as part of the 5 – 8-page text requirement. A copy of the clinical case should accompany the paper (see the syllabus due dates). Bio 1200: Anatomy and Physiology II Formal Writing Assignment Citations Students are to use the APA (American Psychological Association) style of citation, which is not to be confused with writing a paper using the APA style, which means no title page, abstract, or subheading throughout the paper. APA in-text citation follows the author-date method. Students should not use direct quotes in their paper; rather, they will paraphrase ideas from others’ work. Most non-science APA guidelines use in-text references that use page numbers; however, students will omit the page number when quoting a reference in-text for this paper. The page number of journals or books will be placed in the reference list at the end of the paper. There are two ways to reference paraphrased statements: 1. The low absorption from the GIT suggested by Abou-Donia et al. (2008)… 2. …are superior to conservative therapies in managing type 2 diabetes (Mingrone et al., 2012; Raghow, 2013). For the paper, students will use the second style of reference to place the sources in parenthesis and not directly quoted. Single and two author sources will only use the last names followed by the year of publication (example: Smith, 2017 or Smith and Jones 2002). More than two authors are cited using the first author’s last name, followed by the phrase “et al.” in every citation. When two or more citations are included in a grouping within a sentence, the citations within grouping are arranged in chronological order. Multiple citations for a given year are further arranged alphabetically. Example: … it is controversial whether sleeve gastrectomy has the same effect for lower BMI patients (Lee et al., 2011 a, b; Al 2014). For more information, please visit Purdue University Online Writing Lab for in-text citation: basics and in-text citation: author/authors. Students may include several of one type and none of others, or students may use one or more references of each type shown in these examples. Do not include the phrase “Book”, “Magazine” or other such designation in your citations. For more information, please visit Purdue University Online Writing Lab for reference list: basic rules and reference list: author/authors. Book Boyle, M.A. and S. Long, 2013. Personal Nutrition. (8th ed) Wadsworth Publishing, Belmont, California. Technical article Reynolds, L.P., M.C. Wulster-Radcliff, D.K. Aaron and T.A. Davis, 2015. Importance of Animals in Agricultural Sustainability and Food Security. J/ Nutr. 145:1377 – 1379. Dissertaion/Thesis Schindler, J. 2010. The effect of Nutrition Education on Children’s Healthy Food Choices. Bachelor of Science Thesis. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. Website Haraminac, E. 2015. Eating the right food for a healthy body and bones. Michigan State University Extension. Available at: . Accessed July 27, 2015. Topics for the Assignment Bio 1200: Anatomy and Physiology II Formal Writing Assignment Each student will choose one of the following topics (have three backup topics): Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pernicious Anemias Polycystic Kidney Disease Hypopituitarism Thalassemia Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Graves’ Disease Sickle Cell Disease Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Diabetes mellitus Cardiomyopathy Chronic Granulomatous Disease Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Endocarditis Acute Myeloid Leukemia Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Ischemic Heart Disease Mastocytosis Celiac Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Uterine Fibroids Crohn’s Disease Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome Endometriosis Irritable Bowel Syndrome Pneumonia Prostate Cancer Pancreatitis Pyelonephritis Erectile Dysfunction

This week we started learning about evolution. There are several examples in the text about organisms that have evolved. Evolution is fraught with emotion and it can be difficult to discern between fact and opinion. For this week’s discussion, find two articles on evolution, one scientific from a credible source, and one from a questionable source. Please provide links in your post.  Please answer these questions and label 1-4 1.  Which article in your opinion was of more scientific merit? Why?  Be sure to use concrete examples from the articles to support your claims. 2.  Which article was more interesting and captured your attention?  Why?  Again, be sure to use concrete examples from the articles to support your claims. 3.  How do you know which article has information that is correct and based on fact rather than opinion or mis-information? 4.  A compelling argument can sometimes lack scientific merit, what are some strategies you can employ to avoid being “taken in” by a compelling, but not accurate argument? How do you KNOW what you’re reading is true?

Topic: Diagnostic Immunology What to focus: What are polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies? Precipitation reactions, Agglutination reactions (Direct & indirect Tests), Neutralization reactions, Complement fixation reactions, Fluorescent antibody techniques, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

For the New Drug Design (1-1 ½ pg), you must provide the following information with justification and rationale: Name of drug, cellular target (what specific structure or pathways does it target), how does it work (explain the molecular mechanism of action), how will it be administered (is it injected or oral), for how long, at what dose, how will you make the public aware of this new drug, how will you get it to the patients that need it, what is the cost, all the while keeping in mind that it must have low toxicity to the patient. Include a discussion of how you would determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Therapuetic Index (TI).   What possible side effects or allergies do you imagine your drug having on the patient?  You must list at least 3 possible side effects to patients and why they would occur. For the New Chemical/Disinfectant Research (1-1 ½ pg), you must provide the following information with justification and rationale: Name of chemical, against what molecular part of the pathogen will you design your chemical against, how will it work (explain the molecular mechanism of action), how will it be used (as a sterilant, disinfectant, antiseptic), what concentration, general application of chemical (used in hospitals, homes, workplace etc), how will you make the public aware of this new chemical, how will you make this chemical accessible to the general public, what is the cost, all the while keeping in mind that it must have little or no side effects to humans.  Do you need special precautions to safely store it? Also include a brief summary of how chemicals work and why they are effective against inhibiting microbes. i am doing the assignment on a helminth called ancylostoma duodenale that penetrates the skin of humans. you cant target the cell membrane or ribosomes in humans and must find a unique pathway that is effective and not toxic to humans. for the chemical/disinefctant and antibiotic it must be brand new but can go basedon existing one but explain how is yours different.

Extra Credit Assignment             1. List three reasons protein is needed by the body.   2. How often must individuals replenish themselves with protein. Why?   3. What happens to excessive amounts of protein?   4. Why can protein take the place of carbohydrates and fats?   5. Explain why carbohydrates and fats cannot take the place of protein.   6. The 6 best sources of protein for optimum health are:   7.  What are amino acids?   8.  There are how many essential amino acids that are necessary for good human health and nutrition?   9.  Why do we need to eat a variety of protein type foods?   10.  Insufficient protein in the diet may manifest itself in several ways. Name at least three: